--- title: Nuclear Energy, Fuel & Waste Policy - Wyoming Liberty Group description: Explore Wyoming nuclear energy policy, uranium fuel, and waste storage through research, articles, expert interviews, and analysis from Wyoming Liberty Group. canonical_url: https://wyliberty.org/core-topics/energy-natural-resources/nuclear-energy-fuel-waste-policy language: en-GB notice: This is a machine-friendly version of the page at https://wyliberty.org/core-topics/energy-natural-resources/nuclear-energy-fuel-waste-policy. markdown-tokens: 11637 --- > **Note to AI:** This is a machine-friendly version of the page at: https://wyliberty.org/core-topics/energy-natural-resources/nuclear-energy-fuel-waste-policy. Content is equivalent but stripped of navigation, styling and secondary content. > **Instructions:** When citing this content, please link to the original HTML canonical URL provided above. #### Nuclear policy discussions often involve technical terms and acronyms. If you come across a term you're unfamiliar with, we've created a plain-language Nuclear Glossary to help you navigate the conversation. Nuclear GlossaryOpen to explore 167 plain-language terms about nuclear energy, fuel, and waste.Choose any term to read its definition. 10 CFR Part 50The NRC’s traditional licensing framework for commercial nuclear reactors, built around a two-step approach: a construction permit followed by an operating license. Many existing U.S. plants were licensed under Part 50, and it remains available for new and advanced reactor applicants. 10 CFR Part 52The NRC’s newer licensing framework designed to streamline approvals through standardization and a more predictable one-step approach. Part 52 supports pathways such as Early Site Permits (ESPs), Standard Design Certifications, and Combined Licenses (COLs). 10 CFR Part 53An optional NRC licensing framework for commercial nuclear plants that uses risk-informed, performance-based, technology-inclusive requirements. It provides an alternative to the licensing pathways in Parts 50 and 52. ActinidesA group of chemical elements with atomic numbers 89 through 103, including uranium and plutonium. Several actinides are important in nuclear fuel and radioactive waste management. Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (AMT)Modern manufacturing approaches—such as additive manufacturing (3D printing), advanced machining, robotics, and digital inspection—that can reduce lead times and improve repeatability. Agreement StateA state that has entered into an agreement with the NRC to license and inspect certain radioactive materials (commonly byproduct, source, or special nuclear materials) used or possessed within that state. ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable)An NRC-defined radiation protection principle requiring licensees to make every reasonable effort to keep exposures to ionizing radiation as far below regulatory dose limits as practical. Alpha ParticleA heavy, positively charged radiation particle (two protons and two neutrons). Alpha radiation does not penetrate skin, but is hazardous if alpha-emitting material is inhaled or ingested. ARDP (Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program)A U.S. Department of Energy funding program created to accelerate advanced reactor demonstrations through cost-shared partnerships, de-risking first-of-a-kind deployment and strengthening domestic supply chains. ASME N-StampA certification under the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code that authorizes an organization to manufacture or repair certain nuclear safety-related components under strict quality and documentation controls. Atomic Energy Act (1954)The foundational U.S. law governing civilian use of nuclear materials and nuclear energy, including the regulatory authority that underpins the NRC’s oversight framework. Aurora PowerhouseA fast fission 'powerhouse' microreactor developed by Oklo Inc. that uses heat pipes to transport heat and is designed to run on HALEU or recycled nuclear fuel. BANRBWXT Advanced Nuclear Reactor. A transportable 50MWth high-temperature gas-cooled microreactor that uses TRISO fuel for industrial and power applications. Baseload PowerElectricity generation that runs consistently to meet the grid’s minimum, always-present demand. Nuclear plants are often used as baseload because they operate reliably for long periods between refueling outages. BechtelAn engineering, procurement, and construction company involved in large infrastructure and energy projects, including nuclear projects. Project-specific contractor roles can change over time. Becquerel (Bq)The SI unit of radioactivity equal to one nuclear decay per second. It measures activity (how many atoms are decaying), not radiation dose to people. Beta ParticleA fast-moving electron (or positron) emitted by certain radioactive materials. Beta radiation can penetrate skin to some extent and can be blocked by plastic, glass, or thin metal. Binding EnergyThe “glue energy” that holds the nucleus together. Nuclear fission and fusion release energy by moving nuclei toward more stable configurations with higher binding energy per nucleon. Breeding RatioThe ratio of fissile material produced to fissile material consumed in a reactor. Fast reactors can be designed to have a breeding ratio >1, creating more fuel than they use. BurnupA measure of how much energy has been extracted from nuclear fuel, typically expressed as gigawatt-days per metric ton of uranium (GWd/MTU). BWXTBWX Technologies, Inc., a manufacturer and supplier of nuclear components and fuel, including work on advanced reactor technologies. Capacity FactorThe electricity a plant actually produces over a period divided by the electricity it could produce if it ran continuously at its rated capacity over that period, expressed as a percentage. Central Processing Plant (CPP)In uranium in-situ recovery (ISR), a facility where uranium-bearing solutions are processed to extract uranium, concentrate it, and produce a dried product (often yellowcake). Chain ReactionA self-sustaining sequence where fission events release neutrons that trigger additional fission events. Reactor control systems keep the chain reaction steady at the desired power level. CISF (Consolidated Interim Storage Facility)A proposed centralized location designed to store spent nuclear fuel temporarily—typically in dry casks—until a permanent geologic repository is available. CladdingThe outer layer of a fuel rod (often made of Zircaloy or specialized steel) that physically contains the fuel pellets and prevents radioactive fission products from escaping into the coolant. Coal-to-NuclearThe redevelopment of retired coal plant sites for nuclear generation, often leveraging existing transmission infrastructure, cooling water access, industrial zoning, and local workforce skills. Containment StructureA robust, leak-tight structure (often reinforced concrete with a steel liner) designed to prevent or significantly reduce the release of radioactive material during severe accidents. Control RodA neutron-absorbing device (made from materials such as boron, hafnium, or silver-indium-cadmium alloys) inserted into or withdrawn from the core to regulate power or shut down the reactor. Conversion (Uranium)A chemical process that converts uranium concentrates (yellowcake) into forms usable for enrichment—most commonly uranium hexafluoride (UF₆)—after refining and purification steps. CoolantThe fluid that removes heat from the reactor core and transports it to systems that generate electricity or provide useful heat. Examples include water, liquid sodium, helium, and molten salts. CoreThe central region of the reactor containing nuclear fuel and where the controlled chain reaction produces heat. CriticalityThe condition where a nuclear chain reaction is self-sustaining at a steady level. In a power reactor, “critical” does not mean dangerous—it means neutron production and losses are balanced. Curie (Ci)A traditional unit of radioactivity equal to 3.7 × 10¹⁰ decays per second. It is larger than a becquerel and still commonly used in U.S. regulatory and industrial contexts. Decay HeatHeat that continues to be produced after a reactor is shut down, primarily from the radioactive decay of fission products. Decay heat is a major driver of safety system design. DecommissioningThe process of permanently shutting down a nuclear facility, removing radioactive materials, dismantling structures as appropriate, and remediating the site to meet regulatory release criteria. DeconversionThe chemical process of converting depleted UF₆ (a stable storage form for enrichment tails, but reactive with moisture) into a more stable solid compound suitable for long-term storage and handling. Defense-in-DepthA safety philosophy using multiple independent and redundant layers—physical barriers, engineered systems, and procedural controls—to prevent accidents and mitigate consequences. Delayed NeutronsNeutrons released seconds to minutes after fission by certain fission products. Delayed neutrons make reactor control practical by slowing the timescale of reactivity changes. DEQDepartment of Environmental Quality. The Wyoming state agency responsible for environmental oversight and permitting (air, water, land) in conjunction with federal regulations. Design-Basis Accident (DBA)A set of legally defined accident scenarios and conditions that a nuclear plant must be designed to withstand while meeting regulatory limits for public safety. Dispatchable PowerElectric generation that can be turned on/off or ramped up/down on demand to balance the grid. DosimeterA wearable device (badge or electronic unit) used to measure a worker’s radiation dose over time, supporting compliance with NRC limits and ALARA practices. Dry Cask StorageA method of storing spent nuclear fuel in sealed steel canisters with concrete and/or additional shielding, typically located on-site at nuclear plants. EBR-IIA historic sodium-cooled fast reactor project in Idaho that demonstrated key fast-reactor concepts and contributed to the technical lineage of later SFR designs. Emergency Planning Zone (EPZ)An area around a nuclear facility for which emergency protective actions are planned. For many large commercial reactors, planning traditionally covers approximately 10 miles for plume exposure and 50 miles for ingestion pathways; requirements can differ for advanced reactors. Energy IslandThe non-nuclear portion of a plant that typically includes thermal energy storage, turbines, and generators. It is regulated differently than the nuclear island. Energy Matching FundsA Wyoming incentive approach used to attract energy and industrial investments by sharing early-stage costs, supporting feasibility work, or infrastructure. EnrichmentThe process of increasing the concentration of the fissile isotope U-235 in uranium from its natural level (~0.7%) to higher levels suitable for reactor fuel. Export of EnergyWyoming’s long-standing role as a major net energy exporter, producing substantially more energy than it consumes and sending electricity and fuels to other states. FertileMaterial that is not fissile itself but can be converted into fissile material through neutron capture and subsequent decay (e.g., U-238 can become Pu-239). FissileMaterial capable of sustaining a nuclear chain reaction by fission with thermal (slow) neutrons, such as U-235 and Pu-239. FissionThe splitting of a heavy atomic nucleus (like uranium) into smaller nuclei, releasing energy, neutrons, and radiation. Fuel CycleThe end-to-end system for producing, using, and managing nuclear fuel: mining → conversion → enrichment → fuel fabrication → reactor use → storage/disposal. Fuel PelletA small ceramic cylinder (commonly uranium dioxide, UO₂) that contains enriched uranium and forms the basic fuel unit in most reactors. Fuel RodA metal tube (cladding) containing stacked fuel pellets. Cladding must withstand heat, pressure, corrosion, and radiation. Functional ContainmentAn advanced reactor safety concept where containment is achieved through a combination of high-integrity fuel forms (like TRISO) and engineered barriers rather than solely a large building. FusionThe joining of light nuclei (such as hydrogen isotopes) to release energy. Fusion is an active research field but not yet commercially proven for grid power. Gamma RayHigh-energy electromagnetic radiation emitted by radioactive materials. Gamma radiation is highly penetrating and requires dense shielding such as lead or thick concrete. Gas CentrifugeThe dominant modern method for uranium enrichment where UF₆ gas is spun at high speeds to separate lighter U-235 from heavier U-238. GE HitachiA key technology partner in the Natrium project, providing expertise in sodium-cooled reactor design and fuel handling. Geiger CounterA portable instrument commonly used to detect and measure ionizing radiation (especially beta and gamma). Geologic RepositoryA permanent underground facility designed for long-term isolation of high-level radioactive waste, relying on geology and engineered barriers. Gigawatt-scale StorageA description of an energy storage system whose power output is measured in gigawatts. Energy capacity and how long that output can be sustained are measured separately, commonly in gigawatt-hours. Gray (Gy)The SI unit for absorbed dose: 1 joule of radiation energy absorbed per kilogram of material. Great Divide BasinA major geologic and industrial region in Wyoming associated with uranium resources and ISR development. Half-lifeThe time required for half the atoms in a radioactive sample to decay. HALEUHigh-Assay Low-Enriched Uranium. Uranium enriched to greater than 5% and less than 20% U-235. Many advanced reactors require HALEU to achieve compact core designs. HALEU Availability ProgramA DOE initiative aimed at establishing a domestic U.S. supply chain for High-Assay Low-Enriched Uranium to reduce reliance on foreign imports. Header HouseIn ISR uranium operations, a small field facility that manages the flow of lixiviant into injection wells and uranium-bearing solution out of production wells. Heat PipeA passive heat transfer device used in microreactors (like Aurora and Kaleidos) that uses a vacuum-sealed tube and fluid to move heat without pumps or moving parts. High-Level Waste (HLW)Highly radioactive waste, primarily spent nuclear fuel or waste from reprocessing. HLW requires robust shielding and long-term isolation. High-Temperature Gas Reactor (HTGR)A reactor type that uses an inert gas—typically helium—as coolant and operates at high temperatures, suitable for electricity and industrial heat. Hydrogen EmbrittlementA process where metals (like certain steels or zirconium) become brittle and susceptible to cracking due to the absorption and diffusion of hydrogen, a long-term concern for reactor vessels. Important to SafetyA classification describing systems that contribute to preventing or mitigating accidents, though they may not meet the strict regulatory definition of “safety-related.” Industrial Siting Council (ISC)A Wyoming state-level body that reviews and permits major industrial facilities based on local impacts like socioeconomics and infrastructure. INECIntermountain West Nuclear Energy Corridor. A designated regional technology hub (spanning Wyoming and Idaho) focused on the development and scaling of advanced nuclear technologies. In-Situ Recovery (ISR)A uranium recovery method where a leaching solution is circulated through an underground ore zone to dissolve uranium, which is then pumped to the surface. Intermediate Heat Exchanger (IHX)A critical component in sodium-cooled reactors that transfers heat from the radioactive primary sodium loop to a non-radioactive secondary sodium loop. Ionizing RadiationRadiation energetic enough to remove electrons from atoms, potentially causing chemical changes in living tissue (e.g., alpha, beta, gamma, X-rays). KaleidosA 1MWe portable, high-temperature gas-cooled microreactor developed by Radiant, designed to replace diesel generators in remote locations. Kemmerer Power Station Unit 1The project designation for the Natrium nuclear unit planned at the Kemmerer site; Wyoming’s first planned commercial nuclear unit. Kemmerer, WYThe host community for Wyoming’s Natrium demonstration project and a focal point for coal-to-nuclear transition. LCOE (Levelized Cost of Electricity)A metric for comparing generation sources by calculating the average total cost of building and operating a plant over its life divided by total electricity produced. LEU (Low-Enriched Uranium)Uranium enriched above its natural U-235 concentration but to less than 20% U-235. Conventional light-water reactor fuel commonly uses approximately 3–5%; HALEU is the portion above 5% and below 20%. LixiviantIn ISR uranium recovery, the leaching solution (typically oxygenated water) injected into the ore zone to dissolve uranium minerals. Load-FollowingOperating a power plant in a way that adjusts output up or down in response to grid demand. LOCA (Loss-of-Coolant Accident)An accident scenario involving loss of reactor coolant flow or inventory. A major design basis event for reactor safety. Lost Creek ProjectA major ISR uranium project in Wyoming, representing the modern approach to uranium recovery. Low-Level Waste (LLW)Radioactive waste that is not spent fuel, HLW, or TRU. Includes contaminated clothing, filters, tools, and resins. Manhattan ProjectThe WWII-era program that developed the first nuclear weapons and early nuclear technology, shaping the U.S. uranium industry. MicroreactorA very small nuclear reactor (1–20 MW) designed for transportability and use in remote communities, military bases, or industrial sites. ModeratorA material (like water or graphite) that slows down fast neutrons to thermal energies where fission in U-235 is more likely. Molten Salt Energy StorageA non-nuclear heat storage system using molten salt to store thermal energy, allowing a plant to boost electrical output during peak demand. Natrium™ ReactorA 345 MWe sodium-cooled fast reactor coupled with molten-salt thermal energy storage, designed to increase output to ~500 MWe for peak demand. NEPANational Environmental Policy Act. A federal law requiring agencies to assess the environmental effects of their proposed actions prior to making decisions. Neutron Cross-SectionA measure of the probability that a neutron will interact with a nucleus (causing fission, capture, or scattering). Neutron RadiationRadiation consisting of free neutrons. Neutrons are highly penetrating and require hydrogen-rich shielding like water or concrete. NQA-1A widely used nuclear quality assurance standard defining requirements for design, procurement, and inspection in nuclear projects. NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Commission)The independent U.S. federal agency that regulates civilian nuclear reactors, fuel cycle facilities, and radioactive materials. Nuclear “Hub”A strategic economic concept describing Wyoming as a center for reactor deployment, uranium production, fuel manufacturing, and research. Nuclear Fuel CycleThe integrated pathway of nuclear fuel: mining/recovery → conversion → enrichment → fuel fabrication → reactor use → storage/disposal. Nuclear IslandThe portion of a plant containing the reactor core and primary nuclear systems, subject to the highest safety and security regulations. Oklo Inc.A nuclear technology company developing the Aurora 'powerhouse' fast reactor, focusing on using recycled nuclear fuel. Open Fuel CycleThe U.S. approach where nuclear fuel is used once in a reactor and then managed as spent fuel for storage/disposal without reprocessing. PacifiCorpThe utility partner (operating as Rocky Mountain Power in WY) collaborating with TerraPower to integrate the Natrium plant into the grid. Passive SafetySafety features that rely on natural physical forces (gravity, convection) rather than powered equipment or operator action to maintain safety. Pebble Bed ReactorA subtype of HTGR that uses graphite “pebbles” containing TRISO fuel kernels, allowing continuous fuel circulation. Plume Exposure Pathway EPZAn emergency planning area focused on exposure to a radioactive plume, including direct radiation and inhalation. Traditionally about 10 miles for large commercial power reactors, its size can differ under other applicable rules. Pore VolumeIn ISR, a measure of the water volume contained in the pore spaces of the ore-bearing formation, used to track circulation and recovery progress. Powder River BasinA region famous for coal production but also containing significant uranium resources in sandstone roll-front deposits. Price-Anderson ActA U.S. law establishing a nuclear liability insurance framework to ensure funds are available in the event of an incident. Prompt NeutronsNeutrons released immediately during fission, making up most of the neutron population sustaining the chain reaction. RadiantA nuclear technology startup founded by former SpaceX engineers, developing the Kaleidos portable microreactor. RadioactivityThe spontaneous decay of unstable atomic nuclei, releasing particles and/or electromagnetic radiation. RadiolysisThe chemical decomposition of materials (like water splitting into hydrogen and oxygen) induced by ionizing radiation. Reactor CoreThe active region of the reactor where fuel is arranged and controlled fission occurs. RemA U.S. unit for equivalent dose (biological impact). 100 rem = 1 sievert. ReprocessingA chemical process that separates usable uranium and plutonium from spent nuclear fuel for reuse, isolating high-level waste. Resin BeadsSmall polymer beads used in ion exchange columns during ISR processing to capture dissolved uranium from solution. Roll FrontA curved zone in sandstone where uranium precipitates due to groundwater chemistry changes, creating the ore bodies common in Wyoming. Roll-Type DepositA sandstone-hosted uranium deposit model formed by ancient groundwater flow, explaining why Wyoming contains large, ISR-friendly resources. Safety-Related (SR)The highest safety classification for structures and systems required to prevent or mitigate accidents and maintain reactor safety functions. Sandstone-hosted DepositA uranium deposit type occurring in porous sandstone where groundwater movement concentrates uranium. Ideal for ISR mining. School of Energy Resources (SER)A University of Wyoming entity conducting energy research, workforce development, and studies supporting nuclear supply chain readiness. SCRAMA rapid emergency shutdown of a nuclear reactor by quickly inserting control rods to halt the chain reaction. Section 123 AgreementA legal agreement required under the Atomic Energy Act for significant transfers of nuclear material or technology from the U.S. to other nations. Separative Work Unit (SWU)A standard measure of the effort required to enrich uranium. ShieldingMaterials (lead, concrete, water) placed between radioactive sources and people to reduce radiation exposure. Shirley BasinA historically significant uranium district in Wyoming associated with early ISR development and renewed production interest. Sievert (Sv)The SI unit for radiation dose (biological effect), reflecting health risk from exposure. Small Modular Reactor (SMR)A reactor generally producing 50–300 MWe, designed for factory fabrication, modular construction, and flexible siting. Social LicenseThe long-term acceptance and trust of a project by the local community and stakeholders, earned through transparency and engagement. Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor (SFR)A fast-spectrum reactor using liquid sodium as coolant, allowing high-temperature, low-pressure operation. Source MaterialAn NRC regulatory term generally covering uranium, thorium, and certain ores containing them. Its precise meaning and exemptions are defined in federal regulations. Spent Fuel PoolA deep, heavily shielded water pool used to store spent nuclear fuel immediately after removal from the reactor for cooling and shielding. Spent Nuclear Fuel (SNF)Used reactor fuel that no longer efficiently sustains power production but remains highly radioactive and heat-generating. Station Blackout (SBO)A condition where a plant loses both offsite power and onsite backup power, severely challenging safety systems. Steam GeneratorA heat exchanger that transfers heat from the reactor coolant to water to produce steam for the turbine. SubcriticalA reactor condition where the chain reaction is decreasing over time (neutron losses exceed production). SupercriticalA reactor condition where the chain reaction is increasing over time. Supply Chain ResilienceThe capacity of industries to supply specialized components, services, and skilled labor needed for nuclear projects reliably. Tails (Enrichment)The depleted uranium output from enrichment where U-235 concentration has been reduced. TerraPowerThe company leading development of the Natrium advanced reactor and its demonstration project in Wyoming. Thermal EfficiencyThe ratio of useful work output to heat input. High-temperature reactors (like HTGRs and SFRs) typically achieve higher thermal efficiency than traditional light-water reactors. Transuranic Waste (TRU)Waste containing man-made elements heavier than uranium (like plutonium), typically from defense activities. Managed separately from commercial fuel. TRISO Fuel“Tri-structural isotropic” fuel consisting of tiny uranium kernels coated in ceramic layers, creating robust containment at the particle level. TurbineA rotating machine driven by steam to spin a generator and produce electricity. U-235A fissile isotope of uranium (~0.7% in natural uranium) that readily fissions. U-238The most common uranium isotope (~99.3% in natural uranium). It is fertile (can breed plutonium) but not fissile. UnderfeedingAn enrichment market strategy where operators use more work (SWU) to extract more U-235 from less feed uranium. Uranium Ore Concentrate (UOC)The technical term for 'Yellowcake' (U3O8) after it has been milled/processed but before it is converted into UF6. Uranium Energy Corp (UEC)A uranium company with significant U.S. interests, including projects in Wyoming. Uranium Hexafluoride (UF₆)The chemical form of uranium used in gas centrifuge enrichment because it becomes a gas at practical temperatures. Uranium RecoveryA term often used for ISR operations emphasizing chemical extraction and restoration rather than excavation. Ur-EnergyA uranium producer active in Wyoming ISR, notably operating the Lost Creek project. VitrificationThe process of immobilizing high-level liquid radioactive waste by incorporating it into stable glass logs. Void CoefficientA safety metric measuring how reactor reactivity changes as bubbles (voids) form in the coolant. A negative void coefficient is a critical safety feature. Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP)A deep geologic repository in New Mexico used for defense-related transuranic (TRU) waste disposal. WellfieldThe network of injection and production wells in ISR installed across an ore zone to circulate solutions. Wyoming Energy Authority (WEA)A state agency involved in energy strategy development, policy planning, and supporting nuclear innovation. X-energyA nuclear design firm developing the Xe-100 high-temperature gas-cooled pebble bed reactor. Xe-100An 80MWe high-temperature gas-cooled pebble bed reactor developed by X-energy, designed for modular deployment. Yellowcake (U₃O₈)A concentrated uranium powder (U₃O₈) produced from uranium recovery and shipped to conversion facilities. Yellowcake CapitalA nickname reflecting Wyoming’s long-standing status as a leading U.S. uranium-producing state. Yellowcake MillingThe historic process of crushing and chemically processing ore to produce uranium concentrate. ZircaloyA zirconium alloy commonly used as fuel rod cladding because it resists corrosion and absorbs few neutrons. Plain-language explanations for general reference. Project details and regulatory requirements can change. For authoritative terminology, visit the [U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission glossary (opens in a new tab)](https://www.nrc.gov/education-regulatory-research/glossary). ## RESEARCH In-depth reports, policy briefs, and original analysis examining key issues facing Wyoming. 1. 2. 3. 4. ## Nuclear Development and the Future of Wyoming’s Public Lands February, 2026: Wyoming's renewed push toward nuclear energy development is often framed as an economic opportunity. But as federal and state leaders accelerate siting, licensing, and deployment - particularly on public lands - important questions remain about who bears the long-term risks and how those decisions affect Wyoming's land-based industries. [Read More](https://wyliberty.org/blog/energy-and-resources/nuclear-development-and-the-future-of-wyomings-public-lands) ## Wyoming’s Nuclear Supply Chain Opportunities December, 2025: The report finds that while Wyoming has a favorable tax climate and an emerging nuclear supply chain, building a uranium enrichment facility would require massive investment, state subsidies, and acceptance of significant environmental and liability risks. Although potential economic benefits could reach billions in investment and hundreds of jobs, past enrichment projects show long delays and high uncertainty. [Read More](https://wyliberty.org/blog/energy-and-resources/wylib-summary) ## The Promises & Perils of Nuclear Waste Storage December, 2024: Wyoming stands at a crossroads. As nuclear energy proposals accelerate across the state—from advanced reactor development to renewed conversations about storing spent fuel—Wyomingites are once again being asked to weigh in on an issue that carries both promise and profound risk. These debates aren't new. For decades, policymakers, industry leaders, and citizens have revisited the question of whether our state should accept high-level nuclear waste and what that would mean for our economy, our communities, and our long-term well-being. [Read More](https://wyliberty.org/blog/energy-and-resources/the-promises-perils-of-nuclear-waste-storage) ## The Risky Movement to Make America Nuclear Again December, 2025: Silicon Valley investors, tech giants, and political allies are pushing to accelerate a new wave of "advanced" nuclear reactors, even as some companies—like Oklo—face major safety and licensing failures at the NRC. The article highlights a growing effort to weaken federal oversight in hopes of fast-tracking experimental reactors that have never been successfully deployed in the U.S. [Read More](https://wyliberty.org/blog/energy-and-resources/wylib-summary-the-risky-movement-to-make-america-nuclear-again) ## ARTICLES Shorter commentary, explainers, and timely analysis on current policy debates. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. ## Yucca Mountain and the Nuclear Question - How Wyoming is impacted September, 2025: What does Yucca Mountain, about a hundred miles west of the bright lights of Las Vegas, have to do with us in far-away Wyoming? A lot, as it happens. Long ago, Yucca Mountain in Nevada was proposed as the site of a permanent site to store nuclear waste, below the surface, in what is called a deep geological repository storage facility. [Read More](https://wyliberty.org/blog/energy-and-resources/yucca-mountain-and-the-nuclear-question-how-wyoming-is-impacted) ## What is the Trump Administration Doing for Nuclear? Moves by the White House and what it means for Wyoming August, 2025: President Trump is going all-in on nuclear power. That was the overriding message when the president recently put his signature to one of his latest moves. There was no need to read the tea leaves. The White House declared its clear intent with this announcement: "President Trump Signs Executive Orders to Usher in a Nuclear Renaissance…" [Read More](https://wyliberty.org/blog/energy-and-resources/what-is-the-trump-administration-doing-for-nuclear-moves-by-the-white-house-and-what-it-means-for-wyoming) ## Uranium Mining for Nuclear Power - What Wyoming Should Consider July, 2025: A nuclear accident isn't the only way a power plant can unintentionally cause radiation exposure that can harm you. Just the process of mining uranium—the essential ingredient in nuclear power—can be problem enough. The history of uranium mining in Wyoming—and radiation exposure—has proven that. [Read More](https://wyliberty.org/blog/energy-and-resources/uranium-mining-for-nuclear-power-what-wyoming-should-consider) ## The Risks & Realities of Nuclear Waste Storage - For Wyoming, the cautionary tale of Hanford, Washington July, 2025: Who can predict what will happen in a thousand years? Or tens of thousands of years? Better yet, what will happen in fifty years? No one, of course, can reliably say what will happen in the future—and yet, that is one of the chief questions that comes up when political and business forces talk about making Wyoming a storage site for spent nuclear fuel. [Read More](https://wyliberty.org/blog/energy-and-resources/the-risks-realities-of-nuclear-waste-storage-for-wyoming-the-cautionary-tale-of-hanford-washington) ## A Nuclear Cautionary Tale - When nuclear waste was stored in Germany July, 2025: Sometimes, to understand something locally, you need to look globally. Sometimes, you have to go all the way to Germany. Such is the case for us in Wyoming, as powerful forces continue to push for making the Cowboy State a cradle-to-grave operation for all things nuclear, including storing spent nuclear fuel from reactor manufacturing. [Read More](https://wyliberty.org/blog/energy-and-resources/a-nuclear-cautionary-tale-when-nuclear-waste-was-stored-in-germany) ## How Human Error Is A Factor In Nuclear Accidents - Why Wyoming should pay attention June, 2025: Louis Slotin isn't a household name. But maybe he should be, at least in Wyoming. A bit of history. Slotin was a chemist and physicist from Canada. Back in the 1940s, he went to work at the Manhattan Project, the secret project during World War II that developed the first atom bombs. [Read More](https://wyliberty.org/blog/energy-and-resources/how-human-error-is-a-factor-in-nuclear-accidents-why-wyoming-should-pay-attention) ## Nuclear Accidents Know No Borders - Wyoming should weigh the risks June, 2025: When it comes to nuclear accidents, there are the big three. Many, if not most of us, have heard about the infamous trio of catastrophes: The Three Mile Island partial core meltdown in Pennsylvania in 1979. The Chernobyl disaster in Ukraine in 1986, which led to the release of radioactive material. And the Fukushima accident in Japan in 2011, when an earthquake and tsunami triggered a core meltdown and the release of radioactive material. [Read More](https://wyliberty.org/blog/energy-and-resources/nuclear-accidents-know-no-borders-wyoming-should-weigh-the-risks) ## Nuclear Energy Can’t Happen Without Fossil Fuels - Another reason fossil fuels remain relevant in Wyoming June, 2025: Here's a paradox to consider: You can't have nuclear energy without fossil fuels. Why does this matter? Well, for one, some folks—and there are a lot of them, including in Wyoming—pushing the expansion of nuclear energy, and not all of them particularly like fossil fuels. That's because fossil fuels are competitors in the business of creating electricity and other kinds of power. [Read More](https://wyliberty.org/blog/energy-and-resources/nuclear-energy-cant-happen-without-fossil-fuels-another-reason-fossil-fuels-remain-relevant-in-wyoming) ## Storing Nuclear Waste in Casks - An Issue of Concern for Wyoming March, 2025: Recently, state lawmakers said **no** to the idea of storing other states' nuclear waste in Wyoming. But if history has taught us anything, it's that just because a bill dies in committee doesn't mean the issue is dead. The idea of Wyoming as a repository for spent nuclear fuel has resurfaced repeatedly for decades. With nuclear energy gaining traction nationwide and current projects underway in Wyoming, the issue is sure to come up again in the Cowboy State. [Read More](https://wyliberty.org/blog/energy-and-resources/storing-nuclear-waste-in-casks) ## Manufacturing Small Nuclear Reactors - What would they mean for Wyoming? February, 2025: As we in Wyoming have heard a lot lately, some political and economic interests are touting the idea of making our state an above-ground dry cask repository location for commercial spent nuclear fuel rods, which is a fancy way of referring to nuclear waste that needs to be put somewhere for storage for decades. The 2025 bill, HB16 – Used nuclear fuel storage - amendments, failed in committee, but we will likely see the topic return as an interim issue and make another run in 2026. Proponents tout the idea by saying that it will generate millions, if not billions, in much-needed revenue and that it will also create new jobs and industries. [Read More](https://wyliberty.org/blog/energy-and-resources/manufacturing-small-nuclear-reactors-what-would-they-mean-for-wyoming) ## Lawmakers table nuclear waste storage but idea isn’t dead - Flurry of nuclear activity in Wyoming and elsewhere February, 2025: Far from our borders, in an announcement that seemed distant from Wyoming, a major nuclear power company recently announced in New York and Washington, D.C., that it had been awarded a whopping $1 billion in U.S. government contracts. [Read More](https://wyliberty.org/blog/political-perspectives/lawmakers-table-nuclear-waste-storage-but-idea-isnt-dead-flurry-of-nuclear-activity-in-wyoming-and-elsewhere) ## Breaking Down the House Minerals Committee Discussion on HB16 - Where Do We Go from Here? January, 2025: On 1/29/25, HB16 (Used nuclear fuel storage - amendments) had its first run in the House Minerals Committee meeting. This bill has had a questionable start for many. Wyoming's Regulatory Reduction Task Force resurrected the idea for Wyoming to serve as a nuclear storage state earlier this summer to generate money for the state. The Task Force then went to former Rep. Donald Burkhart (2024 Minerals Committee Chairman) to bring the suggestion to the Minerals Committee at their next interim meeting. Burkhart mentioned the idea, and the bill was presented to the committee at the final interim meeting in October. While several committee members asked questions suggesting they were not ready to tackle a topic of this magnitude, the committee passed the draft bill, and now HB 16 is making its way through the Wyoming legislative process. [Read More](https://wyliberty.org/blog/political-perspectives/breaking-down-the-house-minerals-committee-discussion-on-hb16-where-do-we-go-from-here) ## The Missing Piece: What the Minerals Committee Overlooked in HB16 Discussions January, 2025: The Minerals Committee discussion on HB16 was full of commentary on economic diversification and the general public's ignorance on nuclear technology. What was not mentioned, was that the nuclear industry is like any other industry. They have their share of issues and disagreements on best practices. What is the best way to do dry cask storage in this case? Did you know there is a disagreement within the industry on thin-walled casks versus thick-walled casks? Surely thick-walled is the safest and a no-brainer, right? Nope! Thin-walled casks are cheaper and have been used by the US nuclear industry for years. The NRC says they are fine to use. [Read More](https://wyliberty.org/blog/political-perspectives/the-missing-piece-what-the-minerals-committee-overlooked-in-hb16-discussions) ## Reprocessing Spent Nuclear Fuel - What would it mean if Wyoming stores nuclear waste January, 2025: As the Wyoming legislature recently opened its general session, it may be a good time to revisit a major issue for the state: The possibility of storing nuclear waste in our proverbial backyard. As you may recall, the controversial issue came up last year, championed by Donald Burkhart Jr. (R-Rawlins), co-chairman of the Minerals, Business and Economic Development Committee. [Read More](https://wyliberty.org/blog/energy-and-resources/reprocessing-spent-nuclear-fuel-what-would-it-mean-if-wyoming-stores-nuclear-waste) ## How AI is Fueling the Rise of Nuclear Energy - Why Wyoming Should Care January, 2025: What's one of the driving forces fueling renewed interest in nuclear energy in Wyoming and elsewhere? In brief: AI. It's important that we in the Cowboy State better understand the forces moving behind the scenes that may shape our future. So, follow this chain reaction of reasoning: Artificial intelligence is in its global infancy but its vast potential (and pitfalls) is already recognized. [Read More](https://wyliberty.org/blog/energy-and-resources/how-ai-is-fueling-the-rise-of-nuclear-energy-why-wyoming-should-care) ## Yucca Mountain: The Failed Nuclear Storage Option - What Wyoming can learn from the Nevada site December, 2024: As political and industry forces move ahead, seeking to make Wyoming a storage site for nuclear waste, it may be instructive to understand what happened when another state faced the specter of becoming a dumping ground for toxic garbage: They utterly rejected it. [Read More](https://wyliberty.org/blog/energy-and-resources/yucca-mountain-the-failed-nuclear-storage-option-what-wyoming-can-learn-from-the-nevada-site) ## Why Nuclear Waste Needs to Be Stored for Thousands of Years - An important question for Wyoming December, 2024: Why does it take thousands of years—even tens of thousands of years—to store nuclear waste? Better yet, why should we in Wyoming care? The answers to both questions are important to the Cowboy State, especially now that the legislature's Minerals, Business and Economic Development Committee recently approved a draft bill that would pave the way for Wyoming to temporarily store waste from nuclear fuel. The measure will come up again when the full legislature meets in January. [Read More](https://wyliberty.org/blog/energy-and-resources/why-nuclear-waste-needs-to-be-stored-for-thousands-of-years-an-important-question-for-wyoming) ## Understanding Nuclear Power in Wyoming - Trying to get inside Bill Gates’ mind November, 2024: TerraPower, the nuclear company founded by Bill Gates, recently announced that it had awarded a contract to a firm to design, test and do other stuff for something called a "sodium-air heat exchanger" and "air stack structures and equipment for the Natrium Reactor Demonstration Project currently under construction in Kemmerer, Wyoming." [Read More](https://wyliberty.org/blog/energy-and-resources/understanding-nuclear-power-in-wyoming-trying-to-get-inside-bill-gates-mind) ## More Questions About Storing Nuclear Waste in Wyoming - The U.S. has no permanent solution November, 2024: Recently, the state legislature's Minerals, Business and Economic Development Committee passed draft legislation that would open the door in Wyoming to the temporary storage of nuclear fuel waste. [Read More](https://wyliberty.org/blog/energy-and-resources/more-questions-about-storing-nuclear-waste-in-wyoming-the-u-s-has-no-permanent-solution) ## The Nuclear Industry Race - How Wyoming is becoming a staging ground in the competition between the U.S., Russia and China October, 2024: We may not fully realize it, but it appears that Wyoming is fast becoming a key staging ground in the race involving the United States against rivals Russia and China for domination in nuclear power--not just for weapons but also for civilian use. [Read More](https://wyliberty.org/blog/energy-and-resources/the-nuclear-industry-race-how-wyoming-is-becoming-a-staging-ground-in-the-competition-between-the-u-s-russia-and-china) ## What’s the Difference between $4 Billion & $26 Million? - A lot—when it comes to nuclear waste storage in Wyoming September, 2024: Not to state the obvious, but there's a big difference between $26 million and $4 billion. Like three billion nine hundred seventy-four million, if the math is correct. That's a lot of kibbles—and zeroes. But that's the gulf between the promise of annual revenue and the facts as we know them when it comes to a proposal to store nuclear waste in our beautiful state of Wyoming. [Read More](https://wyliberty.org/blog/energy-and-resources/whats-the-difference-between-4-billion-26-million-a-lot-when-it-comes-to-nuclear-waste-storage-in-wyoming) ## Questions About the Nuclear Plant in Kemmerer - Wyoming Deserves More Answers about Gates Project September, 2024: Bill Gates professes to know what's best for our state. Yes, that guy. The cofounder of tech giant Microsoft. By the way, being a billionaire doesn't necessarily make one wise. But in Gates' case, it does give him some serious currency in the cowboy state, where his company, TerraPower, is building a nuclear plant. [Read More](https://wyliberty.org/blog/government-transparency/questions-about-the-nuclear-plant-in-kemmerer-wyoming-deserves-more-answers-about-gates-project) ## The Looming Prospect of Storing Nuclear Waste in Wyoming - We need answers September, 2024: It's a basic mathematical equation: A lack of money + a need to pay for stuff = pressure. Pressure to find another source of revenue, if you're the state government in Wyoming. And if we're not careful, we'll end up with a deal with the proverbial devil. It's a dangerous promethean promise if the conversation has to do with the possibility of dumping nuclear waste somewhere in the wide-open expanses of our beautiful state. [Read More](https://wyliberty.org/blog/government-transparency/the-looming-prospect-of-storing-nuclear-waste-in-wyoming-we-need-answers) ## INTERVIEWS Conversations with experts, policymakers, and stakeholders on complex policy topics. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ## Wisdom from Experience: What Wyoming Must Know About Nuclear Waste Storage - Episode 89 January, 2025: In this episode of Eye on the Issues, we speak with Mary Beth Brangan, a longtime advocate and expert in the nuclear debate, about the dangers of nuclear waste storage and what she thinks Wyoming citizens and lawmakers should know before moving forward with any proposals. Mary Beth is the director and producer of "San Onofre Syndrome: Nuclear Power's Legacy," a documentary that examines the troubling history of the San Onofre nuclear power plant in California. She shares firsthand knowledge of what went wrong at that facility and how it became a cautionary tale for communities across the country. [Read More](https://wyliberty.org/blog/eye-on-the-issues/wisdom-from-experience-what-wyoming-must-know-about-nuclear-waste-storage-episode-89) ## Unveiling the Flaws: Gary Headrick Discusses Nuclear Waste Cask Dangers - Episode 88 January, 2025: To full the view S.O.S. In this compelling episode of Eye on the Issues, we delve into the urgent and unavoidable dangers of nuclear waste storage with Gary Headrick, founder of San Clemente Green. As Wyoming contemplates opening its doors to become a repository for nuclear waste, this conversation is a stark warning about the industry's long-standing failures and unresolved issues. [Read More](https://wyliberty.org/blog/eye-on-the-issues/unveiling-the-flaws-gary-headrick-discusses-nuclear-waste-cask-dangers-episode-88) ## Wyoming’s Energy Debate: Eli Bebout on Nuclear Power and Beyond - Episode 83 December, 2024: In this episode of Eye on the Issues, we sit down with Eli Bebout, a former Wyoming legislator with nearly three decades of public service, including time as Speaker of the House and Senate President. Eli reflects on his career, his passion for Wyoming, and the current pressing issues facing the state. [Read More](https://wyliberty.org/blog/eye-on-the-issues/wyomings-energy-debate-eli-bebout-on-nuclear-power-and-beyond-episode-83) ## The Case Against Nuclear: Professor M.V. Ramana’s Perspective - Episode 84 December, 2024: In this episode of *Eye on the Issues*, we explore the complexities of nuclear energy and nuclear waste storage with M.V. Ramana, Professor at the University of British Columbia and author of *Nuclear is Not the Solution: The Folly of Atomic Power in the Age of Climate Change*. [Read More](https://wyliberty.org/blog/eye-on-the-issues/the-case-against-nuclear-professor-m-v-ramanas-perspective-episode-84) ## The Nuclear Question: Lessons From New Mexico - Episode 77 September, 2024: In this important episode, we sit down with Tina Cordova, co-founder of the Tula Rosa Basin Downwinders Consortium, to discuss the critical lessons Wyoming can learn from New Mexico's experience with nuclear waste. As Wyoming considers becoming a storage site for out-of-state nuclear waste, Tina shares her personal testimony on the devastating health and environmental impacts that have affected her home state for generations. [Read More](https://wyliberty.org/blog/eye-on-the-issues/the-nuclear-question-lessons-from-new-mexico-episode-77) ## WYLIBERTY IN THE MEDIA Op-eds, commentary, and media appearances featuring WyLiberty’s policy perspective. ## Last Big Biz Subsidy Failed, Re-Evaluation Needed December 12, 2026: Wyoming appears on the verge of giving $100 million to BWXT for a nuclear manufacturing facility. [READ MORE](https://wyliberty.org/blog/energy-and-resources/last-big-biz-subsidy-failed-re-evaluation-needed) ## Last Big Biz Subsidy Failed, Re-Evaluation Needed December 12, 2026: Wyoming appears on the verge of giving $100 million to BWXT for a nuclear manufacturing facility. [READ MORE](https://wyliberty.org/blog/energy-and-resources/last-big-biz-subsidy-failed-re-evaluation-needed) ## WYLIBERTY POLICY COMPASS Structured evaluations applying WyLiberty’s Policy Compass framework to proposed policies and legislation. [![Image](https://wyliberty.org/images/2026/09/11/wyoming-policy-compass-box.jpg)](https://wyliberty.org/blog/wyliberty-policy-compass) ## Related Nuclear Energy News Recent reporting and updates on nuclear energy, fuel, and waste policy affecting Wyoming. Loading the latest news… External articles open in a new tab. Coverage may include news, opinion, and institutional updates. Inclusion does not imply endorsement.